Intraoperative Spontaneous Breathing

Thus far, the discussion on protective ventilation in the OR has focused on how parameters of mechanical ventilation can be optimized to protect a patient’s lungs. But isn’t there more to this topic than parameters of mandatory mechanical ventilation? Wouldn’t spontaneous breathing be more beneficial, either as early as possible towards the end of general anesthesia or as soon as possible after securing the airway?

Emergence from anesthesia and the entire postoperative phase are critical periods where pulmonary complications are most frequent. Anesthesiologists usually strive to keep the depth of anesthesia as flat as the surgical procedure allows. Towards the end of surgery, the anesthesiologist discontinues anesthetic delivery to allow for spontaneous breathing and a subsequent extubation. The wash out of volatile anesthetic drugs may be performed gradually or quickly by means of high fresh-gas flows and/or hyperventilation. The latter happens at a cost of a decreased PaCO₂ and the subsequent risk of reduced cerebral blood flow. In addition, this quick approach may not leave sufficient time for appropriate drug redistribution from less perfused tissues with higher solubility. A rise of anesthetic drug levels in the central compartments and a subsequent respiratory depression in the recovery room could follow. Furthermore, lowering PaCO₂ reduces respiratory drive and may delay the return of spontaneous breathing^{4, 5}.

A smoother approach to emergence could be the reduction of the depth of anesthesia well before the end of surgery, promoting the early onset of spontaneous breathing. Particularly after long cases, the reduction in the depth of anesthesia may be initiated earlier rather than later. Consequently, spontaneous breathing may also return earlier but is likely to be insufficient to maintain proper arterial oxygenation. To prevent hypoxemia during this phase, adequate support for the spontaneous breathing effort may be beneficial⁶. It has been stated that spontaneous breathing during general anesthesia is associated with hypercapnic acidosis and an increased work of breathing in both healthy patients and those with known comorbidities. In order to smooth this process, assisted ventilation modes have been introduced in anesthesia machines. Pressure support ventilation (PSV) is now commonly available and is intended to support spontaneous breathing while reducing patient-ventilator dysynchrony⁶. Beyond this, PSV has also been shown to provide more effective gas exchange compared to unassisted CPAP ventilation during anesthesia with a laryngeal mask airway (LMA). PSV supports the achievement of optimal tidal volumes and, in comparison to unassisted spontaneous breathing, increases minute volume, lowers etCO₂ and improves oxygenation^{6, 7}. In addition, PSV-supported intraoperative spontaneous breathing was found to reduce LMA removal time, emergence time and even Propofol consumption⁶.

1. Neuman P, Wrigge H. et al. Spontaneous breathing affects the spatial ventilation and perfusion distribution during mechanical ventilatory support. Crit Care Med 2005 Vol. 33, 5 
2. Brimacombe J, Keller C, Hörmann C. Pressure support ventilation versus continuous positive airway pressure with the laryngeal mask airway: a randomized crossover study of anesthetized adult patients. Anesthesiology. 2000 Jun;92(6):1621-3 
3. Capdevila X, Jung B, Bernard N, Dadure C, Biboulet P, Jaber S. Effects of pressure support ventilation mode on emergence time and intra-operative ventilatory function: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2014 Dec 23;9(12):e115139
4. Röpcke H, Wartenberg HC. Inducing spontaneous respiration at the end of surgery Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 2000 Jul;35(7):459-60. 
5. Sakata DJ, Gopalakrishnan NA, Orr JA, et al. Hypercapnic hyperventilation shortens emergence time from isoflurane anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2007 Mar;104(3):587-91. 
6. Capdevila X, Jung B, Bernard N, et al. Effects of pressure support ventilation mode on emergence time and intra-operative ventilatory function: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2014 Dec 23;9(12):e115139. 
7. Brimacombe J, Keller C, Hörmann C. Pressure support ventilation versus continuous positive airway pressure with the laryngeal mask airway: a randomized crossover study of anesthetized adult patients. Anesthesiology. 2000 Jun;92(6):1621-3.